EDIFACT is an EDI standard format developed under UN (United Nations), Hence,

EDIFACT is also denoted as UNIEDIFACT.

This is the international standard which consists of the following four key elements:

• Syntax which defines the message structure
• Data elements within the document
• Segments which groups the date elements
• Messages which are an ordered group of segments and symbolize a business
transaction

 • E-commerce vision and strategy: At this stage, the business team lays out the

vision and business objectives of online shopping portal application. They also do
the market and competitor surveys and defines the solution strategy. Business
teams also do awareness campaigns including the paid ads on search engines to
route the traffic, carries out seasonal campaigns and product banners, and creates
one-off microsites.

• Business and Architecture Strategy: At this stage, the business and technical
teams finalize the business flow, architecture principles and standards. It involves
defining key business processes, finalizing technology stack, etc.

• Development: E-commerce web store will be developed during this stage with all
commerce functionality. User experience development involves intuitive and
responsive site design along with friendly navigation aids and enhanced product
discoverability through search.

• Servicing. At this stage, the list of personalized services that are to be provided to
the customer such as customized look and feel, personalized content and product
recommendations, access to social communities and forums and multi-channel
support through live chat, email and phone are made. Online shopping application
also rewards customer loyalty through targeted promotion and discount campaigns.

• Operations: Involves regular site maintenance and upgrade activities. This stage
also ensures that application is accessible 24 x 7 and provides good response time
across geographies. Operations teams will also install code updates and software
patches.

 The following are the key drivers of m-commerce:

• Popularity of mobile devices: Hand held devices are quickly
overtaking the traditional desktops and laptops and are becoming the
primary channel for access.

• Wireless bandwidth advancements: Mobile devices can now
leverage enhanced bandwidths offered by 3G (Third generation) and
4G networks in addition to Wi-Fi and Wi-Max technologies.

• Location based services: M-commerce also offers unique ability to
get the offers and promotions based on the current location of the
subscriber.

• Convenience and afford ability of mobile devices.

Technology Enables

The following are the main technology components which help perform the
commerce transactions using mobile devices:

• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) offers band width between
9.6 kbps and 115 kbps via GSM network and enables simultaneous
receiving and transmission. It is essentially a packet switching
wireless protocol which enables continuous connectivity for mobile
devices.

• W AP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a protocol that involves
Wireless Markup Language (WML). Like HTML, it provides support
for text and image presentation, Ector mobile devices.

• W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) offers
2 Mbps bandwidth approximately.

• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) also
known as 3G network which offers 2 Mbps approximately for both
up-linking and down-linking.

• Satellite based communication provides wide coverage over various
geo locations.

There may be variations to the bandwidths indicated above.

Attributes of M-Commerce
The following are the attributes of m-commerce:

• Ubiquity: Transaction service access from anywhere in real-time.
Weather and stock updates are examples.

• Convenience: Mobile devices enable access from anywhere and
any time.

• Interactivity achieved through responsive user experience.

• Personalization: Possible to personalize the experience based on user
identification and preference as well as location. Flashing relevant
advertisements and recommendations are examples.

• Context-aware localization: Using GPS (Global Positioning System)
and triangulation techniques it is possible to identify the location of
the user and push relevant promotions and offers. Directory services
are an example.

 Cyber crimes can be classified on the following basis:

Against Person

• Harassment via e-mails: Repeatedly sending abusive messages via email.

• Cyber stalking: Use internet to stalk someone like online harassment and
online abuse.
• Email spoofing: Emailing messages with a forged sender address.

• Unauthorized control/access over computer system.

• Publishing/transmitting of obscene material.

• Cyber defamation: causing injury to the reputation of a person with the help
of Internet by floating/publicizing negative messages.

• Cheating and fraud: Any deliberate deception for unfair or unlawful gain
online is fraud. Examples are no delivery of paid products purchased online,
misrepresentation of a product advertised for sale, and fraudulent promises
for investment in securities.

Against Property

• Transmitting virus.
• Computer vandalism: Malicious attack on the software, stealing information,
hacking or destroying the Computer.
• Unauthorized control/access of Computer system.
• Intellectual property crimes: Patent violations, copyright infringement,
trademark violations, etc.

Against Government/Corporate Entities
• Possession of information in an unauthorized manner.
• Cyber terrorism: Use of Internet for terror activities.
• Distribution of pirated software.

Against Society at Large
• Pornography.
• Polluting the youth through indecent exposure.
• Financial crimes.
• Sale of illegal articles like narcotics, weapons, etc.
• Online gambling.
• Forgery - Manipulations in mark sheets, currency notes etc with the use of
information technology.

 Ans :

1. SSL client attempts to connect to a SSL server (website secured with SSL)
by sending a client hello message.

2. Web server responds with a server hello.
3. Client requests web server to prove its identity.
4. Web server sends a copy of its SSL certificate to authenticate its identity to
   client.
5. Client verifies it. Accordingly, it sends a message to the server.
6. If the server requires client authentication, it asks for "client certificate
   request".
7. Then the client sends its certificate.
8. SSL server verifies the signature on the client certificate.
9. Client sends a digitally signed acknowledgement to start sharing.
10. Server sends a digitally signed acknowledgement to start sharing.
11. The data in encrypted form is shared between the server and browser and a
    secured session starts that protects message privacy, integrity and security.
    A secure session starts between server and client enabling data to be
    transmitted in encrypted form, thus ensuring privacy, integrity and security

 Client security means privacy of the client and integrity of his Computer.

Active Content
Amongst various threats, active content is a major area of concern in client
security. Active content is the program embedded transparently in web pages
which can cause actions to occur. For example, display moving graphics,
download and play audio etc. It is used in e-commerce in the form of Java applets,
ActiveX controls etc. It creates security risk because malicious programs hidden
inside webpage can reveal and destroy the confidential and sensitive information
in the form of cookies. These cookies remember user names, passwords, etc. on the
client computers.

Virus, Worms and Trojan Horses

Another security issue that arises to client and his computer are the viruses, worms
and Trojan horses which can create havoc to the systems.

• Virus is a piece of software that is designed to replicate itself.by
copying itself into other programs stored in a computer which can
cause the program to operate incorrectly or corrupt the Computer's
memory.

• Worm is software that is capable of reproducing itself. It can also
spread from one computer to the next over a network.

• Trojan horse is a program that appears to have a useful function but
contains a hidden function which is harmful.

• These viruses can delete stored data or manipulate actual data.
Malicious software can damage the system and is a major threat

Masquerading

Another security concern is masquerading. Masquerading occurs when one person
uses the identity of another to gain access to a computer. This may be done in
person or remotely. For example, a perpetrator could pretend to be a particular
vendor and divert the payment to his own benefit. But, the customer himself could
assume a false identity and make an invalid payment which the dealer would not
actually receive

 Advantages

Some of the major advantages internet based bookshops are given below:

• These bookshops act as databases of a vast amount of information about
books currently available in the market. All Internet users can use these
databases and have knowledge of the same.

• Online bookshops are open 24 x 7. The access is available to anyone, at
any time, from anywhere. At a click, all information can be obtained at the
user system.

• User can take time in searching and selecting books.

• These bookshops are extremely useful to people looking for specific books.
Any book not available nearby can be obtained from any part of the
Counterworld by just ordering online thus avoiding long distance travel
and saving time.

• The huge list of publications in each subject or topic can be accessed easily.
Such Internet based bookshops also provide-the user to select the best and
latest literature.

• In most of the instances, there will be a discount on the price of the book

Disadvantages
• Apart from above advantages, online bookshops also suffer from following
disadvantages:

• Any delay in updating of database in detail such as edition, cost, etc will
create problems in identifying the correct book and payment thereof.

• Security issuer another concern while making payment online especially
through credit cards. Any site with unsecure server or without encryption
facilities may not provide a safe environment for online transactions.

• Some users may not have access to credit card facility, hence will not be
able to transact and purchase books online,

• Mostly, Internet based bookshops charge extra as packing and shipping
charges which burdens-the user with additional costs.

• As there is no physical inspection of the product by customer before
purchase, there is a risk of receiving book in a damaged condition.

• There may be abnormal delays in shipping.

• A book that is different from what is ordered may be shipped.