Software Maintenance is the process of modifying a software product after it has been delivered to the customer. The main purpose of software maintenance is to modify and update software application after delivery to correct faults and to improve performance.

Need for Maintenance –
Software Maintenance must be performed in order to:

• Correct faults.
• Improve the design.
• Implement enhancements.
• Interface with other systems.
• Accommodate programs so that different hardware, software, system features, and telecommunications facilities can be used.
• Migrate legacy software.
• Retire software.

Categories of Software Maintenance –
Maintenance can be divided into the following:

1. Corrective maintenance:
   Corrective maintenance of a software product may be essential either to rectify some bugs observed while the system is in use, or to enhance the performance of the system.
2. Adaptive maintenance:
   This includes modifications and updations when the customers need the product to run on new platforms, on new operating systems, or when they need the product to interface with new hardware and software.
3. Perfective maintenance:
   A software product needs maintenance to support the new features that the users want or to change different types of functionalities of the system according to the customer demands.
4. Preventive maintenance:
   This type of maintenance includes modifications and updations to prevent future problems of the software. It goals to attend problems, which are not significant at this moment but may cause serious issues in future.

Reverse Engineering –
Reverse Engineering is processes of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made and reproducing it based on extracted information. It is also called back Engineering.

Software Reverse Engineering –
Software Reverse Engineering is the process of recovering the design and the requirements specification of a product from an analysis of it’s code. Reverse Engineering is becoming important, since several existing software products, lack proper documentation, are highly unstructured, or their structure has degraded through a series of maintenance efforts.

Why Reverse Engineering?

• Providing proper system documentatiuon.
• Recovery of lost information.
• Assisting with maintenance.
• Facility of software reuse.
• Discovering unexpected flaws or faults.

Used of Software Reverse Engineering –

• Software Reverse Engineering is used in software design, reverse engineering enables the developer or programmer to add new features to the existing software with or without knowing the source code.
• Reverse engineering is also useful in software testing, it helps the testers to study the virus and other malware code .

 Types of Feasibility Study in Software Project Development

Feasibility Study in Software Engineering is a study to evaluate feasibility of proposed project or system. Feasibility study is one of stage among important four stages of Software Project Management Process. As name suggests feasibility study is the feasibility analysis or it is a measure of the software product in terms of how much beneficial product development will be for the organization in a practical point of view. Feasibility study is carried out based on many purposes to analyze whether software product will be right in terms of development, implantation, contribution of project to the organization etc.

Types of Feasibility Study :
The feasibility study mainly concentrates on bellow five mentioned areas. Among these Economic Feasibility Study is most important part of the feasibility analysis and Legal Feasibility Study is less considered feasibility analysis.

1. Technical Feasibility –
   In Technical Feasibility current resources both hardware software along with required technology are analyzed/assessed to develop project. This technical feasibility study gives report whether there exists correct required resources and technologies which will be used for project development. Along with this, feasibility study also analyzes technical skills and capabilities of technical team, existing technology can be used or not, maintenance and up-gradation is easy or not for chosen technology etc.
2. Operational Feasibility –
   In Operational Feasibility degree of providing service to requirements is analyzed along with how much easy product will be to operate and maintenance after deployment. Along with this other operational scopes are determining usability of product, Determining suggested solution by software development team is acceptable or not etc.
3. Economic Feasibility –
   In Economic Feasibility study cost and benefit of the project is analyzed. Means under this feasibility study a detail analysis is carried out what will be cost of the project for development which includes all required cost for final development like hardware and software resource required, design and development cost and operational cost and so on. After that it is analyzed whether project will be beneficial in terms of finance for organization or not.

1. Legal Feasibility –
   In Legal Feasibility study project is analyzed in legality point of view. This includes analyzing barriers of legal implementation of project, data protection acts or social media laws, project certificate, license, copyright etc. Overall it can be said that Legal Feasibility Study is study to know if proposed project conform legal and ethical requirements.
2. Schedule Feasibility –
   In Schedule Feasibility Study mainly timelines/deadlines is analyzed for proposed project which includes how many times teams will take to complete final project which has a great impact on the organization as purpose of project may fail if it can’t be completed on time.

Feasibility Study Process :
The below steps are carried out during entire feasibility analysis.

1. Information assessment
2. Information collection
3. Report writing
4. General information

Need of Feasibility Study :
Feasibility study is so important stage of Software Project Management Process as after completion of feasibility study it gives a conclusion of whether to go ahead with proposed project as it is practically feasible or to stop proposed project here as it is not right/feasible to develop or to think/analyze about proposed project again.

Along with this Feasibility study helps in identifying risk factors involved in developing and deploying system and planning for risk analysis also narrows the business alternatives and enhance success rate analyzing different parameters associated with proposed project development.

 

Components of Management Information System (MIS)

MIS is a system that takes data as input, processes it to generate information that can help the management of an organization in decision-making and strategic planning. Today, most organizations implement the MIS so as to achieve the organizational goals.

The MIS has various components, which are as follows:

1. Executives:
   Executives are the people who utilize MIS. These people are computer professionals who operate MIS for data processing to achieve organizational goals like planning and decision-making.
2. Hardware:
   The hardware components of MIS include various input and output devices that helps in feeding data as well as displaying the information when required. The input devices include the keyboard, scanners and mouse. The output devices may be the monitor, printer, network devices, and so on.
3. Software:
   Computer programs which are designed to do a specific task for example, MS Office, Banking Software’s, Railway’s applications etc, different kinds of software available to process the data/information in an organization such as ERP (enterprise resource planning) and CRM (customer relationship management).
4. Organizational Procedures:
   Procedures are sets of rules or guidelines that an organization establishes for the use of a computer-based information system. The procedures may vary from one organization to another. It may also vary from one department to another as per the requirement. For example, the working of production department is different from the working of sales department. The production department requires information regarding the raw material or quantity of goods to be produced. So, the production department sets its procedures in such a way that the MIS system helps in retrieving the information required by the department. In the similar way, the sales department requires information regarding the quantity of goods sold and the other expenses that occurred during the sales of the product. Therefore, the sales department sets the procedures in such a way that they get only that information which is required from the MIS.

Functions of MIS

The main goal to set up an MIS in a company is to utilize the information by its managers for managerial purpose for decision making. MIS performs following functions to achieve organizational goal:

1. To collect useful data:
   MIS executes the data through computer system using the sources of an organization. The organizational data is stores in computer system or as a paper record by its end users.
2. Data Processing:
   Processing data includes converting the storage data into the required information to take beneficial actions. Data processing includes mathematical and logical operations like, calculations, sorting, classifying and summarizing the data. The data processing signifies processing activities as:
   • Organize data
   • Analysis on data
   • Apply statistical, mathematical, operations
   • To create predictive modeling
   • Research and forecasting
3. Information storage and retrieval:
   MIS stores data as an organizational record and processed for future use. The data organizes as a fields, records, files and databases for future use. Information retrieval comprises to access the stored data as per the requirements of the management users.

isseminating management information:

1. information of finished product is categorizes and dispersed to the users in an organization as per the needs. This information could be periodic, through reports or online through computer terminals. Figure shows various functions performed by MIS.

 Feasibility Study in Software Engineering is a study to evaluate feasibility of proposed project or system. Feasibility study is one of stage among important four stages of Software Project Management Process. As name suggests feasibility study is the feasibility analysis or it is a measure of the software product in terms of how much beneficial product development will be for the organization in a practical point of view. Feasibility study is carried out based on many purposes to analyze whether software product will be right in terms of development, implantation, contribution of project to the organization etc.

Types of Feasibility Study :
The feasibility study mainly concentrates on bellow five mentioned areas. Among these Economic Feasibility Study is most important part of the feasibility analysis and Legal Feasibility Study is less considered feasibility analysis.

1. Technical Feasibility –
   In Technical Feasibility current resources both hardware software along with required technology are analyzed/assessed to develop project. This technical feasibility study gives report whether there exists correct required resources and technologies which will be used for project development. Along with this, feasibility study also analyzes technical skills and capabilities of technical team, existing technology can be used or not, maintenance and up-gradation is easy or not for chosen technology etc.
2. Operational Feasibility –
   In Operational Feasibility degree of providing service to requirements is analyzed along with how much easy product will be to operate and maintenance after deployment. Along with this other operational scopes are determining usability of product, Determining suggested solution by software development team is acceptable or not etc.
3. Economic Feasibility –
   In Economic Feasibility study cost and benefit of the project is analyzed. Means under this feasibility study a detail analysis is carried out what will be cost of the project for development which includes all required cost for final development like hardware and software resource required, design and development cost and operational cost and so on. After that it is analyzed whether project will be beneficial in terms of finance for organization or not.
   

1. Legal Feasibility –
   In Legal Feasibility study project is analyzed in legality point of view. This includes analyzing barriers of legal implementation of project, data protection acts or social media laws, project certificate, license, copyright etc. Overall it can be said that Legal Feasibility Study is study to know if proposed project conform legal and ethical requirements.
2. Schedule Feasibility –
   In Schedule Feasibility Study mainly timelines/deadlines is analyzed for proposed project which includes how many times teams will take to complete final project which has a great impact on the organization as purpose of project may fail if it can’t be completed on time.

Feasibility Study Process :
The below steps are carried out during entire feasibility analysis.

1. Information assessment
2. Information collection
3. Report writing
4. General information

Need of Feasibility Study :
Feasibility study is so important stage of Software Project Management Process as after completion of feasibility study it gives a conclusion of whether to go ahead with proposed project as it is practically feasible or to stop proposed project here as it is not right/feasible to develop or to think/analyze about proposed project again.

Along with this Feasibility study helps in identifying risk factors involved in developing and deploying system and planning for risk analysis also narrows the business alternatives and enhance success rate analyzing different parameters associated with proposed project development.

 A cost-benefit analysis is a process businesses use to analyze decisions. The business or analyst sums the benefits of a situation or action and then subtracts the costs associated with taking that action. Some consultants or analysts also build models to assign a dollar value on intangible items, such as the benefits and costs associated with living in a certain town.

Understanding Cost-Benefit Analysis

Before building a new plant or taking on a new project, prudent managers conduct a cost-benefit analysis to evaluate all the potential costs and revenues that a company might generate from the project. The outcome of the analysis will determine whether the project is financially feasible or if the company should pursue another project.

In many models, a cost-benefit analysis will also factor the opportunity cost into the decision-making process. Opportunity costs are alternative benefits that could have been realized when choosing one alternative over another. In other words, the opportunity cost is the forgone or missed opportunity as a result of a choice or decision. Factoring in opportunity costs allows project managers to weigh the benefits from alternative courses of action and not merely the current path or choice being considered in the cost-benefit analysis.

By considering all options and the potential missed opportunities, the cost-benefit analysis is more thorough and allows for better decision-making.

 A coupling is a mechanical element part that connects two shafts together to accurately transmit the power from the drive side to the driven side while absorbing the mounting error (misalignment), etc. of the two shafts.

Coupling in the machine industry is interpreted as "a part that connects two shafts together", and is generally called "coupling", "shaft coupling" or "joint"

 A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized program used to support determinations, judgments, and courses of action in an organization or a business. A DSS sifts through and analyzes massive amounts of data, compiling comprehensive information that can be used to solve problems and in decision-making

Typical information used by a DSS includes target or projected revenue, sales figures or past ones from different time periods, and other inventory- or operations-related data.